欧洲国家抑郁症的社会分布

Cross-national research has consistently documented sociodemographic gradients in depression across European countries. Most comprehensive analyses, however, predate the COVID-19 pandemic and its far-reaching consequences for population mental health and social hardship. Using data from the European Social Survey Round 11 (ESS 11, collected in 2023–2024), the most recent wave to include a measure of depression (CES-D 8), we examined the social patterning of depressive symptoms across 22 EU countries and the UK (N = 39,645) using multilevel modelling with sample design weighting. We confirm fin