多层广义结构组件分析教程

Hierarchically structured data are common in behavioral and social science research, yet ignoring nested structures can lead to misleading statistical inferences and obscure meaningful variation in measurement and structural relationships across groups. Multilevel generalized structured component analysis (GSCA) extends component-based structural equation modeling to hierarchical data by allowing measurement loadings and structural path coefficients to vary across higher-level units while retaining common component weights. This tutorial introduces two-level GSCA and demonstrates its practical