从文本到触感：人工智能在医疗中表达同理心的方式

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can offer patients empathic support in forms as different as a chatbot on a phone that fits in a pocket and a soft robot they can hug. Much research on empathy in AI, including large language models, focuses on text, which lacks the rich non-verbal cues conveyed through voice, visual expression and touch. This Perspective introduces a new conceptual framework, the embodiment–scalability spectrum, to help researchers weigh what each modality can offer patients against how widely it can be delivered. It orders communication channels by embodiment: how far eac